When speaking about graphene, we need to initially discuss the natural mineral graphite that is commonly present in our daily life.
As an allotrope of carbon, graphite is a layered product, and the carbon atoms inside graphite are prepared layer by layer. Carbon atoms in the same layer “hold hands” and are carefully attached, yet the combination of carbon atoms between various layers is loose, like a stack of playing cards. With a mild push, the cards will move apart.
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From the point of view of chemical structure, graphite is a transitional crystal in between atomic crystals, metal crystals and molecular crystals. In the crystal, carbon atoms in the exact same layer type covalent bonds with sp2 hybridization, each carbon atom is connected to three other carbon atoms, and six carbon atoms form a normal hexagonal ring on the exact same airplane, extending to form a sheet framework.
If graphite is a stack of playing cards, then graphene is one of the cards in this stack of playing cards. Graphene is a two-dimensional material composed of a single layer of carbon atoms. Stacking graphene layer by layer is graphite. A 1 mm thick graphite contains about 3 million layers of graphene.
Although graphene exists in nature, it is difficult to peel off a solitary layer framework.
More than two decades back, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, scientists at the University of Manchester in the UK, believed that there should be a way to get a single layer of graphite.
Just how can a single layer of graphite be removed? Researchers took an extremely “simple and crude” method – sticking it with tape.
“Just like when we create a typo on paper, we will certainly stick the typo with tape.” Based upon this, researchers boldly link that if tape can adhere to the surface of paper, can it additionally adhere to layers of graphite?
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In the experiment, researchers stuck both sides of pyrolytic graphite flakes to an unique tape, and detached the tape, the graphite sheet was split into two. Although the thickness of graphite currently is still far from that of a solitary layer of graphite, researchers have actually validated the expediency of this technique – each time the tape is used, the graphite becomes thinner. By demanding utilizing this “mechanical exfoliation technique” to repeat the operation, they ultimately obtained a slim sheet consisting of only one layer of carbon atoms, which is graphene.
Nevertheless, this technique of repeatedly scrubing graphite sheets with tape to get graphene has low manufacturing performance and can only be made use of to prepare micron-thick graphene, and can not be mass-produced industrially.
Later, with the renovation of clinical and technical levels, the prep work technique of graphene has actually likewise made wonderful development. Today, in addition to this standard physical and mechanical exfoliation technique, there are additionally numerous methods for preparing graphene, such as redox method, solvent exfoliation approach, chemical vapor deposition, etc
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